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糖心vlog官网 Physicist Patents New Tool for Communication Tech

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Kiko Galvez, 糖心vlog官网鈥檚 Charles A. Dana Professor of physics and astronomy, has been studying special forms of light that can be used to encode data with more information than the typical 1s and 0s of binary. And on March 2, 2021, Galvez and collaborator Behzad Khajavi from Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton were granted that helps decode this light-encoded information on the receiving end. This is the first patent assigned to 糖心vlog官网.

Soon, 5 billion people worldwide will be using the internet. About 3 million emails are already sent every second, while another 88,500 YouTube videos are being watched. We stream our TV and movies, and we video chat our colleagues and friends. It鈥檚 a lot of information to transfer across the world. And a lot of , many of which are under the ocean.

These undersea optical cables, or fibers, typically transfer information at around 20 terabits (or 2,500 gigabytes) per second; in 2019 a new cable set a speed record of 26.2 terabits per second. At the moment, this is plenty. It鈥檚 estimated that in 2020, the whole world was creating 28,900 gigabytes of data per second, or about a dozen cables鈥 worth. Considering that the world currently has , we鈥檙e in good shape. For now.

But the population of internet users is growing, and so are each person鈥檚 data demands. At some point, we鈥檒l need ways to transfer more and more bytes of data to more and more people. That means either laying down a lot more cables, or figuring out a way to send more information through the existing systems.

鈥淭he industry is trying to pack as much information as possible into a single fiber right now, but it鈥檚 reaching a limit,鈥 Galvez explains. 鈥淭he telecom industry is just trying to find solutions.鈥

Galvez says he hopes his new technology will prove useful as the industry looks for new solutions to their data limits.

Riding the Waves

You might imagine that most light acts like a laser pointer. Shine it at the wall, and it鈥檚 brightest at the center, fading out at the edges. But there are ways to get a beam of light to form a donut 鈥 dark in the middle 鈥 without casting a shadow. And it has to do with the way the individual waves of light in the beam align with one another: with their crests and troughs offset, instead of in line. If you line the waves up such that the crests make a spiral, the projected image becomes a ring 鈥 like you鈥檙e looking down on a tornado. Offset them a little more, and the spiral becomes a double helix. Offset them again, and it鈥檚 a triple helix 鈥 the shape of fusilli pasta. And on it goes.

These different shapes are called modes, or optical vortices. And they鈥檙e independent of one another, meaning they can be overlapped without interference. And for each clockwise spiral or helix, there鈥檚 a counterclockwise counterpart as well.

Since there are so many combinations of optical vortices that can be combined in a single beam, engineers are working on ways to use them for new communications technology. Having a much bigger 鈥渁lphabet鈥 of options beyond the usual 1s and 0s would greatly increase the amount of information that can be transferred at a single time. 

鈥淣ow that the beam can have different vortices, it can carry more information than just 1 or 0,鈥 Galvez says. But assuming you鈥檝e figured out how to encode your data into optical-vortex language and send it off, how do you decode it at the other end? That鈥檚 where Galvez and Khajavi come in. 

Patented Decoder

The property of the beam that tells you whether it鈥檚 wound one, two, three, or more times is called its topological charge. (鈥淚 don鈥檛 know why they call it a charge, it has nothing to do with electrical charge,鈥 Galvez explains.)

Galvez and Khajavi 鈥渟tumbled onto a technique that can tell you the topological charge of any beam that comes in,鈥 Galvez says. He says they鈥檝e engineered a simple device that could end up critical for the telecom industry, if the way of the future indeed ends up being to mix light beams with different charges together to send communications. 

Their new device can also tell if the input is a pure optical vortex 鈥 one type of charge 鈥 or a mixture. In other words, send Galvez and Khajavi a message codified in optical vortices, and they can decode it.

There are still some technical points to work out, Galvez says, like how wide an optical fiber needs to be to hold vortices with bigger charges. Still, he鈥檚 optimistic.  

鈥淭he industry moves fast,鈥 Galvez says. 鈥淚鈥檝e heard some talks of people saying it鈥檚 a crisis, because we鈥檙e getting close to the maximum capacity of fibers.

鈥淭hey鈥檙e looking at all the possible solutions. This is one.鈥